Data Discovery

Sensitive data discovery (SDD) is an Immuta feature that uses data patterns to determine what type of data your column represents. Using frameworks, rules, and patterns, Immuta evaluates your data and can assign the appropriate tags to your data dictionary based on what it finds. This saves the time of identifying your data manually and provides the benefit of a standard taxonomy across all your data sources in Immuta.

Requirement

SDD requires a Snowflake or Databricks integration.

Architecture

To evaluate your data, SDD generates a SQL query using the identification framework's rules; the Immuta system account then executes that query in Snowflake or Databricks. Immuta receives the query result, containing the column name and the matching rules but no raw data values. These results are then used to apply the resulting tags to the appropriate columns.

This evaluating and tagging process occurs when SDD runs, which happens automatically from the following events:

• A new data source is created.
• Schema monitoring is enabled and a new data source is detected.
• Column detection is enabled and new columns are detected. Here, SDD will only run on new columns and no existing tags will be removed or changed.

Users can also manually trigger SDD to run from a data source's overview page or the identification frameworks page.

Components

Sensitive data discovery (SDD) runs frameworks to discover data. These frameworks are a collection of rules. These rules contain a single criteria and the resulting tags that will be applied when the criteria's conditions have been met. See the sections below for more information on each component.

Identification framework

An identification framework is a collection of rules that will look for a particular criteria and tag any columns where those conditions are met. While organizations can have multiple frameworks, only one may be applied to each data source. Immuta has the built-in Default Framework, which contains all the built-in patterns and assigns the built-in Discovered tags based on pattern matching.

For a how-to on the framework actions users can take, see the Manage frameworks page.

Global framework

Each organization has a single global framework that will apply to all the data sources in Immuta by default, unless they have a different framework assigned. It is labeled on the frameworks page with a globe icon. Users can bypass this global framework by applying a specific framework to a set of data sources.

Rule

A rule is a criteria and the resulting tags to apply to data that matches the criteria. When Immuta recognizes that criteria, it can tag the data to describe the type. Each rule is specific to its own framework, but all a framework's rules can be copied to create a new framework. At most, only one rule will apply to a column.

For a how-to on the rule actions users can take, see the Manage rules page.

Criteria

Criteria are the conditions that need to be met for resulting tags to be applied to data.

Supported criteria types

• Competitive pattern analysis: This criteria is a process that will review all the regex and dictionary patterns within the rules of the framework and search for the pattern with the best fit. In this review, each competitive pattern analysis criteria in the framework competes against each other to find the best and most specific pattern that fits the data. The resulting tags for the best pattern's rule are then applied to the column.
• Column name: This criteria matches a column name pattern to the column names in the data sources. The rule's resulting tags will be applied to the column where the name is found.

Pattern

A pattern is the type of data Immuta will look for to meet the requirements to tag a column. They can be used in rules across multiple frameworks, but can only be used once within each framework. Immuta comes with built-in patterns to discover common categories of data. These patterns cannot be modified and are within preset rules with preset tags. Users can also create their own unique patterns to find their specific data. SDD only supports regex patterns written in RE2 syntax.

Supported pattern types

The three types of patterns are described below:

• Regex: This pattern contains a case-insensitive regular expression that searches for matches against column values.
• Column name: This pattern includes a case-insensitive regular expression that is only matched against column names, not against the values in the column.
• Dictionary: This pattern contains a list of words and phrases to match against column values.

Built-in pattern example

Immuta comes with a pattern in the Default Framework that searches for U.S. Social Security numbers: US_SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER. This regex pattern uses competitive pattern analysis criteria which searches for strings of exactly nine digits, with or without hyphens after the third and fifth digits, with a leading digit between 0 and 8. Each column is given a score of the percentage of values that match the defined regex pattern. If this score is both above the minimum confidence and the highest confidence of all the other competitive pattern analysis criteria within the framework, then the resulting tags of the built-in rule will be applied to the column:

• Discovered.PII
• Discovered.Identifier Direct
• Discovered.Country.US
• Discovered.PHI
• Discovered.Entity.Social Security Number

Configuration

Only application admins can enable sensitive data discovery (SDD) globally on the Immuta app settings page. Then, data source creators can disable SDD on a data-source-by-data-source basis.

Tag mutability

When SDD is manually triggered by a data owner, all column tags that were previously applied by SDD are removed and the tags prescribed by the latest run are applied. However, if SDD is triggered because a new column is detected by schema monitoring, tags will only be applied to the new column, and no tags will be modified on existing columns. Additionally, governors, data source owners, and data source experts can disable any unwanted Discovered tags in the data dictionary to prevent them from being used and auto-tagged on that data source in the future.

Performance

The amount of time it takes to identify data relies on the number of text columns in the data source and the number of patterns in the framework. The number of rows has little impact on the time because data sampling has near constant performance. However, views perform significantly worse due to extra query compilation time.

The time it takes to run SDD for all newly onboarded data sources in Immuta is not limited by SDD performance but by the execution of background jobs in Immuta. Consult your Immuta account manager when onboarding a large number of data sources to ensure the advanced settings are set appropriately for your organization.

Testing

For users interested in testing SDD, note that the built-in patterns by Immuta require a certain amount of confidence to be assigned to a column. This means that with synthetic data, there may be situations where the data is not real enough to fit the confidence needed to match patterns. To test SDD, use a dev environment, create copies of your tables, or use the API to run a dryRun and see the tags that would be applied to your data by SDD.

Considerations

Deleting the built-in Discovered tags is not recommended: If you do delete built-in Discovered tags and use the Default Framework, then when the pattern is matched the column will not be tagged. As an alternative, tags can be disabled on a column-by-column basis from the data dictionary, or SDD can be turned off on a data-source-by-data-source basis when creating a data source.

• Limitations with regex patterns:

  • Regex patterns are case sensitive.
  • Regex patterns are only supported on columns with the data type string.

• Limitations with dictionary patterns:

  • Immuta compiles dictionary patterns into a regex that is sent in the body of a query. For Snowflake, the size of the dictionary is limited by the overall query text size limit in Snowflake of 1 MB.
  • Dictionary patterns are only supported on columns with the data type string.

• For Databricks, Immuta will start up a Databricks cluster to complete the SDD job if one is not already running. This can cause unnecessary cost if the cluster becomes idle. Follow Databricks best practices to automatically terminate inactive clusters after a set period of time.

• SDD for Databricks only checks for rules on columns with the data type string.

Migrating from legacy to native SDD

If you had legacy SDD enabled, running native SDD can result in different tags being applied because native SDD is more accurate and has fewer false positives than legacy SDD. Running a new SDD scan against a table will change the context of the resulting tags, but no Discovered tags previously applied by legacy SDD will be removed.

See the Migrate from legacy to native SDD page for more information.