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2024.2
  • Immuta Documentation - 2024.2
  • What is Immuta?
  • Self-Managed Deployment
    • Getting Started
    • Deployment Requirements
    • Install
      • Managed Public Cloud
      • Red Hat OpenShift
      • Generic Installation
      • Immuta in an Air-Gapped Environment
      • Deploy Immuta without Elasticsearch
    • Configure
      • Ingress Configuration
      • Cosign Verification
      • TLS Configuration
      • Immuta in Production
      • External Cache Configuration
      • Rotating Credentials
      • Enabling Legacy Query Engine and Fingerprint
    • Upgrade
      • Upgrade Immuta
      • Upgrade to Immuta 2024.2 LTS
    • Disaster Recovery
    • Troubleshooting
    • Conventions
    • Release Notes
  • Data and Integrations
    • Immuta Integrations
    • Snowflake
      • Getting Started
      • How-to Guides
        • Configure a Snowflake Integration
        • Snowflake Table Grants Migration
        • Edit or Remove Your Snowflake Integration
        • Integration Settings
          • Enable Snowflake Table Grants
          • Use Snowflake Data Sharing with Immuta
          • Configure Snowflake Lineage Tag Propagation
          • Enable Snowflake Low Row Access Policy Mode
            • Upgrade Snowflake Low Row Access Policy Mode
      • Reference Guides
        • Snowflake Integration
        • Snowflake Data Sharing
        • Snowflake Lineage Tag Propagation
        • Snowflake Low Row Access Policy Mode
        • Snowflake Table Grants
        • Warehouse Sizing Recommendations
      • Phased Snowflake Onboarding Concept Guide
    • Databricks Unity Catalog
      • Getting Started
      • How-to Guides
        • Configure a Databricks Unity Catalog Integration
        • Migrate to Unity Catalog
      • Databricks Unity Catalog Integration Reference Guide
    • Databricks Spark
      • How-to Guides
        • Configuration
          • Simplified Databricks Configuration
          • Manual Databricks Configuration
          • Manually Update Your Databricks Cluster
          • Install a Trusted Library
        • DBFS Access
        • Limited Enforcement in Databricks
        • Hide the Immuta Database in Databricks
        • Run spark-submit Jobs on Databricks
        • Configure Project UDFs Cache Settings
        • External Metastores
      • Reference Guides
        • Databricks Spark Integration
        • Databricks Spark Pre-Configuration Details
        • Configuration Settings
          • Cluster Policies
            • Python & SQL
            • Python & SQL & R
            • Python & SQL & R with Library Support
            • Scala
            • Sparklyr
          • Environment Variables
          • Ephemeral Overrides
          • Py4j Security Error
          • Scala Cluster Security Details
          • Databricks Security Configuration for Performance
        • Databricks Change Data Feed
        • Databricks Libraries Introduction
        • Delta Lake API
        • Spark Direct File Reads
        • Databricks Metastore Magic
    • Starburst (Trino)
      • Getting Started
      • How-to Guides
        • Configure Starburst (Trino) Integration
        • Customize Read and Write Access Policies for Starburst (Trino)
      • Starburst (Trino) Integration Reference Guide
    • Redshift
      • Getting Started
      • How-to Guides
        • Configure Redshift Integration
        • Configure Redshift Spectrum
      • Reference Guides
        • Redshift Integration
        • Redshift Pre-Configuration Details
    • Azure Synapse Analytics
      • Getting Started
      • Configure Azure Synapse Analytics Integration
      • Reference Guides
        • Azure Synapse Analytics Integration
        • Azure Synapse Analytics Pre-Configuration Details
    • Amazon S3
    • Google BigQuery
    • Legacy Integrations
      • Securing Hive and Impala Without Sentry
      • Enabling ImmutaGroupsMapping
    • Registering Metadata
      • Data Sources in Immuta
      • Register Data Sources
        • Create a Data Source
        • Create an Amazon S3 Data Source
        • Create a Google BigQuery Data Source
        • Bulk Create Snowflake Data Sources
      • Data Source Settings
        • How-to Guides
          • Manage Data Sources and Data Source Settings
          • Manage Data Source Members
          • Manage Access Requests and Tasks
          • Manage Data Dictionary Descriptions
          • Disable Immuta from Sampling Raw Data
        • Data Source Health Checks Reference Guide
      • Schema Monitoring
        • How-to Guides
          • Run Schema Monitoring and Column Detection Jobs
          • Manage Schema Monitoring
        • Reference Guides
          • Schema Monitoring
          • Schema Projects
        • Why Use Schema Monitoring?
    • Catalogs
      • Getting Started with External Catalogs
      • Configure an External Catalog
      • Reference Guides
        • External Catalogs
        • Custom REST Catalogs
          • Custom REST Catalog Interface Endpoints
    • Tags
      • How-to Guides
        • Create and Manage Tags
        • Add Tags to Data Sources and Projects
      • Tags Reference Guide
  • People
    • Getting Started
    • Identity Managers (IAMs)
      • How-to Guides
        • Microsoft Entra ID
        • Okta LDAP Interface
        • Okta and OpenID Connect
        • Integrate Okta SAML SCIM with Immuta
        • OneLogin with OpenID
        • Configure SAML IAM Protocol
      • Reference Guides
        • Identity Managers
        • SAML Single Logout
        • SAML Protocol Configuration Options
    • Immuta Users
      • How-to Guides
        • Managing Personas and Permissions
        • Manage Attributes and Groups
        • User Impersonation
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      • Reference Guides
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  • Discover Your Data
    • Getting Started
    • Introduction
    • Architecture
    • Data Discovery
      • How-to Guides
        • Enable Sensitive Data Discovery (SDD)
        • Manage Identification Frameworks
        • Manage Patterns
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        • Manage SDD on Data Sources
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        • Migrate From Legacy to Native SDD
      • Reference Guides
        • How Competitive Pattern Analysis Works
        • Built-in Pattern Reference
        • Built-in Discovered Tags Reference
    • Data Classification
      • How-to Guides
        • Activate Classification Frameworks
        • Adjust Identification and Classification Framework Tags
        • How to Use a Built-In Classification Framework with Your Own Tags
      • Built-in Classification Frameworks Reference Guide
  • Detect Your Activity
    • Getting Started
      • Monitor and Secure Sensitive Data Platform Query Activity
        • User Identity Best Practices
        • Integration Architecture
        • Snowflake Roles Best Practices
        • Register Data Sources
        • Automate Entity and Sensitivity Discovery
        • Detect with Discover: Onboarding Guide
        • Using Immuta Detect
      • General Immuta Configuration
        • User Identity Best Practices
        • Integration Architecture
        • Databricks Roles Best Practices
        • Register Data Sources
    • Introduction
    • Audit
      • How-to Guides
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        • Run Governance Reports
      • Reference Guides
        • Universal Audit Model (UAM)
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      • Deprecated Audit Guides
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      • Use the Detect Dashboards
      • Reference Guides
        • Detect
        • Detect Dashboards
        • Unknown Users in Audit Logs
    • Monitors
      • Manage Monitors and Observations
      • Detect Monitors Reference Guide
  • Secure Your Data
    • Getting Started with Secure
      • Automate Data Access Control Decisions
        • The Two Paths: Orchestrated RBAC and ABAC
        • Managing User Metadata
        • Managing Data Metadata
        • Author Policy
        • Test and Deploy Policy
      • Compliantly Open More Sensitive Data for ML and Analytics
        • Managing User Metadata
        • Managing Data Metadata
        • Author Policy
      • Federated Governance for Data Mesh and Self-Serve Data Access
        • Defining Domains
        • Managing Data Products
        • Managing Data Metadata
        • Apply Federated Governance
        • Discover and Subscribe to Data Products
    • Introduction
      • Scalability and Evolvability
      • Understandability
      • Distributed Stewardship
      • Consistency
      • Availability of Data
    • Authoring Policies in Secure
      • Authoring Policies at Scale
      • Data Engineering with Limited Policy Downtime
      • Subscription Policies
        • How-to Guides
          • Author a Subscription Policy
          • Author an ABAC Subscription Policy
          • Subscription Policies Advanced DSL Guide
          • Author a Restricted Subscription Policy
          • Clone, Activate, or Stage a Global Policy
        • Reference Guides
          • Subscription Policies
          • Subscription Policy Access Types
          • Advanced Use of Special Functions
      • Data Policies
        • Overview
        • How-to Guides
          • Author a Masking Data Policy
          • Author a Minimization Policy
          • Author a Purpose-Based Restriction Policy
          • Author a Restricted Data Policy
          • Author a Row-Level Policy
          • Author a Time-Based Restriction Policy
          • Certifications Exemptions and Diffs
          • External Masking Interface
        • Reference Guides
          • Data Policy Types
          • Masking Policies
          • Row-Level Policies
          • Custom WHERE Clause Functions
          • Data Policy Conflicts and Fallback
          • Custom Data Policy Certifications
          • Orchestrated Masking Policies
    • Domains
      • Getting Started with Domains
      • Domains Reference Guide
    • Projects and Purpose-Based Access Control
      • Projects and Purpose Controls
        • Getting Started
        • How-to Guides
          • Create a Project
          • Create and Manage Purposes
          • Adjust a Policy
          • Project Management
            • Manage Projects and Project Settings
            • Manage Project Data Sources
            • Manage Project Members
        • Reference Guides
          • Projects and Purposes
          • Policy Adjustments
        • Why Use Purposes?
      • Equalized Access
        • Manage Project Equalization
        • Project Equalization Reference Guide
        • Why Use Project Equalization?
      • Masked Joins
        • Enable Masked Joins
        • Why Use Masked Joins?
      • Writing to Projects
        • How-to Guides
          • Create and Manage Snowflake Project Workspaces
          • Create and Manage Databricks Project Workspaces
          • Write Data to the Workspace
        • Reference Guides
          • Project Workspaces
          • Project UDFs (Databricks)
    • Data Consumers
      • Subscribe to a Data Source
      • Query Data
        • Querying Snowflake Data
        • Querying Databricks Data
        • Querying Databricks SQL Data
        • Querying Starburst (Trino) Data
        • Querying Redshift Data
        • Querying Azure Synapse Analytics Data
      • Subscribe to Projects
  • Application Settings
    • How-to Guides
      • App Settings
      • BI Tools
        • BI Tool Configuration Recommendations
        • Power BI Configuration Example
        • Tableau Configuration Example
      • Add a License Key
      • Add ODBC Drivers
      • Manage Encryption Keys
      • System Status Bundle
    • Reference Guides
      • Data Processing, Encryption, and Masking Practices
      • Metadata Ingestion
  • Releases
    • Immuta v2024.2 Release Notes
    • Immuta Release Lifecycle
    • Immuta LTS Changelog
    • Immuta Support Matrix Overview
    • Immuta CLI Release Notes
    • Immuta Image Digests
    • Preview Features
      • Features in Preview
    • Deprecations
  • Developer Guides
    • The Immuta CLI
      • Install and Configure the Immuta CLI
      • Manage Your Immuta Tenant
      • Manage Data Sources
      • Manage Sensitive Data Discovery
        • Manage Sensitive Data Discovery Rules
        • Manage Identification Frameworks
        • Run Sensitive Data Discovery on Data Sources
      • Manage Policies
      • Manage Projects
      • Manage Purposes
    • The Immuta API
      • Integrations API
        • Getting Started
        • How-to Guides
          • Configure an Amazon S3 Integration
          • Configure an Azure Synapse Analytics Integration
          • Configure a Databricks Unity Catalog Integration
          • Configure a Google BigQuery Integration
          • Configure a Redshift Integration
          • Configure a Snowflake Integration
          • Configure a Starburst (Trino) Integration
        • Reference Guides
          • Integrations API Endpoints
          • Integration Configuration Payload
          • Response Schema
          • HTTP Status Codes and Error Messages
      • Immuta V2 API
        • Data Source Payload Attribute Details
        • Data Source Request Payload Examples
        • Create Policies API Examples
        • Create Projects API Examples
        • Create Purposes API Examples
      • Immuta V1 API
        • Authenticate with the API
        • Configure Your Instance of Immuta
          • Get Fingerprint Status
          • Get Job Status
          • Manage Frameworks
          • Manage IAMs
          • Manage Licenses
          • Manage Notifications
          • Manage Sensitive Data Discovery (SDD)
          • Manage Tags
          • Manage Webhooks
          • Search Filters
        • Connect Your Data
          • Create and Manage an Amazon S3 Data Source
          • Create an Azure Synapse Analytics Data Source
          • Create an Azure Blob Storage Data Source
          • Create a Databricks Data Source
          • Create a Presto Data Source
          • Create a Redshift Data Source
          • Create a Snowflake Data Source
          • Create a Starburst (Trino) Data Source
          • Manage the Data Dictionary
        • Manage Data Access
          • Manage Access Requests
          • Manage Data and Subscription Policies
          • Manage Domains
          • Manage Write Policies
            • Write Policies Payloads and Response Schema Reference Guide
          • Policy Handler Objects
          • Search Audit Logs
          • Search Connection Strings
          • Search for Organizations
          • Search Schemas
        • Subscribe to and Manage Data Sources
        • Manage Projects and Purposes
          • Manage Projects
          • Manage Purposes
        • Generate Governance Reports
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On this page
  • Masking policy conflicts
  • Row-level policy conflicts
  • Masking policy intelligent fallbacks
  • Lockout policies

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  1. Secure Your Data
  2. Authoring Policies in Secure
  3. Data Policies
  4. Reference Guides

Data Policy Conflicts and Fallback

Masking policy conflicts

In some cases, two conflicting global masking policies apply to a single data source. When this happens, the policy containing a tag deeper in the hierarchy will apply to the data source to resolve the conflict.

Consider the following global data policies created by a data governor:

Data policy 1:

Mask columns tagged PII by making null for everyone on data sources with columns tagged PII

Data policy 2:

Mask columns tagged PII.SSN using hashing for everyone on data sources with columns tagged PII.SSN

If a data owner creates a data source and applies the PII.SSN tag to a column, both of these global masking policies will apply to the column with that tag. Instead of having a conflict, the policy containing a deeper tag in the hierarchy will apply.

In this example, data policy 2 will be applied to the data source because PII.SSN is deeper and thus considered more specific than PII. If data owners wanted to use data policy 1 on the data source instead, they would need to disable data policy 2.

Should two or more masking policies target the same column and have the same hierarchy depth, the policy that was authored first will win out. This is a conservative approach that avoids the original policy being changed unexpectedly.

Row-level policy conflicts

Similar to masking policies, it is possible for two or more row-level policies to target the same table. When this occurs, all row-level policies will be applied and AND'ed together, meaning the user will need to meet all in some capacity to see any rows in the table at all.

To OR separate row-level policies together, build them into a single Immuta policy together with an OR.

Masking policy intelligent fallbacks

When masking columns, the type of the column matters. For example, it is not possible to hash a numeric column, because the hash would render the number as a string.

Many data platforms make the user account for this by building separate data policies for every column type that could exist now or in the future, which is quite onerous.

Instead, Immuta has intelligent fallbacks. An intelligent fallback occurs when a masking type targets a column type that is incompatible with the masking type. In this case, Immuta will fall back to the most appropriate masking type which retains the level of privacy or better required by the previous type.

For example, if a hashing masking type hits a numeric type, it would intelligently fallback to nulling the column instead, since nulls are allowed in numeric types.

Lockout policies

Sometimes a global data policy will target a table and the policy cannot be applied as written. This can happen for several reasons, but the most common is that the row-level policy logic is not relevant to the table in question.

For example, with the following policy

@attributeValuesContains('Attribute Name', 'SOME_COLUMN')

If SOME_COLUMN does not exist in the table, the row-level policy will not work (this is why it is always recommended to use the @columnTagged('tag name') function instead of hard coding column names).

In the case where an error such as this occurs with a global data policy, the lockout policy will kick in. The lockout policy is a row-level policy that blocks any rows from returning for any users. This may seem extreme, but since Immuta does not know how to apply the policy, the lockout policy avoids data leaks until the policy is edited to work correctly.

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Last updated 10 months ago

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